Category Archives: Frame relay

PPP – Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol Explained with Examples.

What Is Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)? Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) is a protocol used in network security for the validation of a user’s identity.It is primarily used to authenticate a user or a network host to an authenticating entity, such as a server.CHAP is commonly used in Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) connections, which are often found in… Read More »

QoS: Bandwidth, Delay, Jitter, and Loss Explained.

Some obstacles can cause a breach or delay even loss of communication over the network. As the internet grows beyond prediction, the modern network’s support for traffic is getting beyond the traditional data types and becomes increasingly difficult to maintain. Communication over the network involves email, file sharing, or web traffic and increasingly, data networks share a common… Read More »

QOS: Congestion Management Tools Explained.

QOS: Understanding QoS MARKING The term marking refers to a type of QoS tool that classifies packets based on their header contents and then marks the message by changing some bits in specific header fields. This means that the QoS tool changes one or more header fields, setting a value in the header. How QOS marking works… Traditionally,… Read More »

Router-on-a-stick Inter-VLAN Routing Explained with Examples.

What is Router-on-a-stick Inter-VLAN Routing? Router-on-a-stick is a type of router configuration method in which a single physical interface manages traffic between multiple VLANs on a network. The router interface has to be configured to operate as a trunk link connected to a switch port (SW1) and enabled in trunk mode. The router receives VLAN-tagged traffic on the… Read More »

Port Redirection Attack – Explained with Examples.

What is a Port Redirection Attack? A port redirection attack is another type of attack based on trust exploitation. The attacker uses a compromised host to gain access through a firewall that would otherwise be blocked. Port redirection attacks allow hackers to bypass security restrictions by redirecting network traffic through a compromised host. This technique is used to access network… Read More »