First Hop Redundancy Protocols (FHRPs) are a set of protocols used in computer networking to ensure reliability and high availability of the network. The primary purpose of these protocols is to manage the redundancy of the first hop in IP networks, which involves the gateway used by devices on a local network to reach external networks. By addressing… Read More »
The routing table is a fundamental component of network devices like routers, which directs incoming data packets to their destination addresses by providing a set of rules for packet forwarding. Below is a brief introduction to the essential components of a routing table: i. Routing Protocol Code The routing protocol code identifies the source of the routing information.… Read More »
NTP – An Overview. Network Time Protocol (NTP) is an essential internet protocol, developed by David L. Mills of the University of Delaware, that is designed to synchronize clocks of networked computers to within a few milliseconds of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Its significance cannot be overstated, as accurate timekeeping is important for the functioning of various applications… Read More »
Network devices are susceptible to unauthorized login attempts by attackers seeking access. Cisco’s IOS offers a solution by introducing ACLs, which can block an attacker from even receiving a prompt to enter a password. This is achieved when an external user attempts to connect through Telnet or SSH. In these instances, IOS represents this connection using a vty… Read More »
There have been a sheer number and variety of protocols developed over the years for different layers, purposes, and technologies in network communication. However, here is a categorization of some of the most used and significant networking protocols according to their primary area of operation or the layer of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model they typically function… Read More »
