What is Wide Area Networks?
A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a telecommunications network that extends over a large geographic area for the purpose of computer networking. WANs are used to connect smaller networks, like local area networks (LANs) or metro area networks (MANs), enabling computers and users in one location to communicate with computers and users in other locations.
The primary function of WANs is to connect smaller networks, allowing for the sharing of resources, data, and applications. They facilitate activities like file sharing, VPN (Virtual Private Network) connections, video conferencing, and much more, across large distances.
A Wide Area Network suits an individual, a Company or an Organization that operates in a different location that is separated by large geographical distances, it will be a matter of necessity to connect these individual locations to share, exchange and manage data or communication. To achieve this, the organization needs a Telecommunication Service Provider (TSP) to interconnect the LANs at the different locations.
WANS Types
The Internet: The most prominent illustration of a WAN is the Internet, a worldwide system of linked computer networks.The Internet allows for the exchange of information and communication across vast distances, connecting people and businesses from all corners of the globe. Its infrastructure includes a complex network of routers, servers, and cables that work together to ensure data is transmitted quickly and efficiently. With the Internet, individuals can access a wealth of resources, collaborate with others, and stay connected in real-time. Its widespread use has transformed the way we live, work, and interact with one another, making it an indispensable tool in today’s digital age.
Corporate Networks: Many businesses operate WANs to connect their various office locations across different geographical areas. A company that has an office in London and another office in Manchester needs these offices to be connected to be on the same network even though they are miles away, The following WAN options or types and the protocols used are available to use.
WAN Connection Types:
Dedicated Line
Direct link connecting two Local Area Networks LANs. It provides a secure and reliable connection for transferring data between the two networks without interference from other devices or networks. This ensures fast and efficient communication between the LANs, making it ideal for businesses that require high-speed and uninterrupted connectivity.
Advantages:
Highly secure, if not the most secure. Extremely reliable and efficient in protecting sensitive information.
Disadvantages
High operating costs
Routing Protocols Utilized (PPP, HDLC, SDLC). Limited scalability for large networks
2. Circuit Switching
A dedicated circuit path is created between endpoints. A good example is dialup connections (telephone systems) which link together wire segments to create a single unbroken line for each telephone call.
Advantages
Less expensive
Disadvantages
Call Setup
Protocols Used
PPP, ISDN
Packet Switching
Network devices transmit packets over a shared single point-to-point or point-to-multipoint medium. Variable-length packets are sent over PVCs or SVCs. In packet switching, each packet contains a header with information such as the source and destination addresses, as well as sequencing and error-checking information. These packets are routed independently through the network and may take different paths to reach their destination. This method allows for more efficient use of network resources and can handle varying levels of traffic more effectively than circuit switching.
Advantages
Highly efficient use of bandwidth
Disadvantages
Shared media across a link
Protocols Used
X.25, Frame Relay
Cell Relay
Similar to packet switching, but utilizes fixed-length packets. Data is segmented into fixed-length cells and then transmitted across virtual circuits. Cell relay technology is known for its efficiency and reliability in transmitting data across networks. By using fixed-length cells, cell relay systems can ensure consistent delivery of information without the need for complex error-checking mechanisms. This makes it a popular choice for high-speed networks where speed and consistency are top priorities.
Advantages
Best for simultaneous use of voice and data
Disadvantages
Overhead can be considerable
Protocols Used
ATM
5. Internet
Wireless packet switching using the internet as the WAN infrastructure. Uses network addressing to deliver packets. Because of security issues VPN technology must be used.
Advantages
Least expensive, globally available
Disadvantages
Least secure
Protocols Used
VPN, DSL, cable modem, wireless
Telecommunications Service Providers manage large area networks that can span long distances. TSPs transport voice and data communications on separate networks. These networks that connect LANs in geographically separated locations are referred to as Wide Area Networks (WANs).
Major characteristics of WANs:
WANs generally connect devices that are separated by a broader geographical area that cannot be served by a LAN.
WANs use the services of carriers, such as telephone companies, cable companies, satellite systems, and network providers.
WANs use serial connections of various types to provide access to bandwidth over a large geographic area.
Further reads
WAN Devices
Cabling Network Devices
How to Cable LANs and WANs
